Carlos is correct in giving the cables an eyeball for any damage but usually reversing the polarity shouldn't cause any cable, or loom damage.
Have you detected any blown fuses yet?
I'd quickly eyeball the cables, make a note of what fuses are blown, & what are good, & before diving in to replace the fuses I would then re-connect the battery 'correctly' then check around the car for bad smells, then one at a time replace the fuses starting with the most car critical i.e anything engine electrical, then lights down to least critical like radio, check that the new fuses hold out - cross fingers and start again.
You shouldn't cause any extra damage doing this, if there is damage then it has already been done. Good luck.